Thursday, April 15, 2010
Network analysis
A network, in the context of electronics, is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in the network. There are a number of different techniques for achieving this. However, for the most part, they assume that the components of the network are all linear. The methods described in this article are only applicable to linear network analysis except where explicitly stated.
Yahoo
Yahoo! Inc. (NASDAQ: YHOO) is an American public corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, (in Silicon Valley), that provides Internet services worldwide. The company is perhaps best known for its web portal, search engine (Yahoo! Search), Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, advertising, online mapping (Yahoo! Maps), video sharing (Yahoo! Video), and social media websites and services. As of January, 2010, Yahoo held the world's largest market share in online display advertising. JP Morgan put the company’s US market share for display ads at 17%, well ahead of No. 2 Microsoft at 11% and AOL at 7%.[3]
Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On January 13, 2009, Yahoo! appointed Carol Bartz, former executive chairperson of Autodesk, as its new chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors.[4]
According to Web traffic analysis companies (including Compete.com, comScore,[5] Alexa Internet,[6] Netcraft,[7] and Nielsen ratings[8]), the domain yahoo.com attracted at least 1.575 billion visitors annually by 2008.[9] The global network of Yahoo! websites receives 3.4 billion page views per day on average as of October 2007[update].
Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On January 13, 2009, Yahoo! appointed Carol Bartz, former executive chairperson of Autodesk, as its new chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors.[4]
According to Web traffic analysis companies (including Compete.com, comScore,[5] Alexa Internet,[6] Netcraft,[7] and Nielsen ratings[8]), the domain yahoo.com attracted at least 1.575 billion visitors annually by 2008.[9] The global network of Yahoo! websites receives 3.4 billion page views per day on average as of October 2007[update].
Router
A router, pronounced /ˈraʊtər/ in the United States and Canada, and /ˈruːtər/ in the UK and Ireland (to differentiate it from the tool used to rout wood), is a purposely customized computer used to forward data among computer networks beyond directly connected devices. (The directly connected devices are said to be in a LAN, where data are forwarded using Network switches.)
More technically, a router is a networking device whose software and hardware [in combination] are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. A router differs from an ordinary computer in that it needs special hardware, called interface cards, to connect to remote devices through either copper cables or Optical fiber cable. These interface cards are in fact small computers that are specialized to convert electric signals from one form to another, with embedded CPU or ASIC, or both. In the case of optical fiber, the interface cards (also called ports) convert between optical signals and electrical signals.
Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not share a common network address. The subnets in the router do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router.[1] The term "layer 3 switching" is used often interchangeably with the term "routing". The term switching is generally used to refer to data forwarding between two network devices that share a common network address. This is also called layer 2 switching or LAN switching.
Conceptually, a router operates in two operational planes (or sub-systems):[2]
* Control plane: where a router builds a table (called routing table) as how a packet should be forwarded through which interface, by using either statically configured statements (called statical routes) or by exchanging information with other routers in the network through a dynamical routing protocol;
* Forwarding plane: where the router actually forwards the traffic (or called packets in IP protocol) from ingress (incoming) interfaces to an egress (outgoing) interface that is appropriate for the destination address that the packet carries with it, by following rules derived from the routing table that has been built in the control plane.
More technically, a router is a networking device whose software and hardware [in combination] are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. A router differs from an ordinary computer in that it needs special hardware, called interface cards, to connect to remote devices through either copper cables or Optical fiber cable. These interface cards are in fact small computers that are specialized to convert electric signals from one form to another, with embedded CPU or ASIC, or both. In the case of optical fiber, the interface cards (also called ports) convert between optical signals and electrical signals.
Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not share a common network address. The subnets in the router do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router.[1] The term "layer 3 switching" is used often interchangeably with the term "routing". The term switching is generally used to refer to data forwarding between two network devices that share a common network address. This is also called layer 2 switching or LAN switching.
Conceptually, a router operates in two operational planes (or sub-systems):[2]
* Control plane: where a router builds a table (called routing table) as how a packet should be forwarded through which interface, by using either statically configured statements (called statical routes) or by exchanging information with other routers in the network through a dynamical routing protocol;
* Forwarding plane: where the router actually forwards the traffic (or called packets in IP protocol) from ingress (incoming) interfaces to an egress (outgoing) interface that is appropriate for the destination address that the packet carries with it, by following rules derived from the routing table that has been built in the control plane.
Code division multiple access
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply "CDMA"), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.
One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.
One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.
Wednesday, April 14, 2010
GPRS technology
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s [1]
GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.
2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony[2]. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)[3][4].
GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies.
GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.
2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony[2]. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)[3][4].
GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies.
Mobile gaming
A mobile game is a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA, handheld computer or portable media player. This does not include games played on handheld video game systems such as PlayStation Portable or Nintendo DS.
The first game that was pre-installed onto a mobile phone was Snake on selected Nokia models in 1997[1]. Snake and its variants have since become the most-played videogame on the planet, with over a billion people having played the game.[citation needed]
Mobile games are played using the technologies present on the device itself. For networked games, there are various technologies in common use. Examples include text message (SMS), multimedia message (MMS) or GPRS location identification.
However, there are non networked applications, that simply use the device platform to run the game software. The games may be installed over the air, they may be side loaded onto the handset with a cable, or they may be embedded on the handheld devices by the OEM or by the mobile operator.
Mobile games are usually downloaded via the mobile operator's radio network, but in some cases are also loaded into the mobile handsets when purchased, via infrared connection, Bluetooth, or memory card.
The first game that was pre-installed onto a mobile phone was Snake on selected Nokia models in 1997[1]. Snake and its variants have since become the most-played videogame on the planet, with over a billion people having played the game.[citation needed]
Mobile games are played using the technologies present on the device itself. For networked games, there are various technologies in common use. Examples include text message (SMS), multimedia message (MMS) or GPRS location identification.
However, there are non networked applications, that simply use the device platform to run the game software. The games may be installed over the air, they may be side loaded onto the handset with a cable, or they may be embedded on the handheld devices by the OEM or by the mobile operator.
Mobile games are usually downloaded via the mobile operator's radio network, but in some cases are also loaded into the mobile handsets when purchased, via infrared connection, Bluetooth, or memory card.
Saturday, April 3, 2010
Free Gprs for BsnL
3) Free GPRS access for BSNL users==>
IP Address ==> 192.168.87.163
Port ==> 8080
Home Page ==> wap.cellone.in
APN ==> Cellone Portal
IP Address ==> 192.168.87.163
Port ==> 8080
Home Page ==> wap.cellone.in
APN ==> Cellone Portal
Free Gprs for Vodafone (working)
2) Free GPRS access for Vodafone Users==>
Access Point ==> portalnmms
Home Page ==> wap.google.com
IP Address ==> 010.010.001.100 or 196.006.128.012
Port => 9401 or 8799
Access Point ==> portalnmms
Home Page ==> wap.google.com
IP Address ==> 010.010.001.100 or 196.006.128.012
Port => 9401 or 8799
Reliane free gprs
1) Free GPRS access for Reliance GSM Users==>
IP Address ==> 97.253.29.199
Port ==> 8080
APN ==> smartwap
Home Page ==> http://wap.rworld.com/gsm/index.wml
IP Address ==> 97.253.29.199
Port ==> 8080
APN ==> smartwap
Home Page ==> http://wap.rworld.com/gsm/index.wml
Opera mini 4.2 free with airtel mobile office
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